Solow Growth Model Free Essays

Solow model †how well it holds in reality? Arranged by:- Amol Rattan (75013) Introduction Prior to Solow Model, Harrod Domar model had indicated how the investment funds rate could assume a urgent job in deciding the Long run pace of Growth. Solow model anyway demonstrated an outcome that was in opposition to what Harrod Domar model had anticipated. It indicated that investment funds has just level impact on salary and the development pace of pay relies on the pace of proficiency or specialized advancement in the nation. We will compose a custom exposition test on Solow Growth Model or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Solow Model depends on specific suppositions 1. There are consistent comes back to Scale(CRS) 2. The creation work is standard neoclassical creation work with consistent losses to factor 3. The business sectors are completely serious 4. Families spare at a consistent reserve funds rate ‘s’ Equilibrium in Solow Model is characterized as the consistent state level of capital where the economy develops at a steady rate. By expecting that the two elements of creation are capital and work per productivity unit, it very well may be demonstrated that reserve funds just influences the degree of per capita pay. It is just the pace of development of proficiency which decides the pace of development of per capita yield. For creation work: Y= K? L1-? Consistent state esteems are: y†¢=[s/? +? +n]? /1-? k†¢ =[s/? +? +n]1/1-? Target I) To discover how evident the aftereffect of union of Solow model holds for an example of nations of the world ii) Test Solow model for India for the period 1990-2008 Methodology I) To discover how obvious the consequence of assembly of Solow model holds for an example of nations of the world †¢ To demonstrate: Convergence result Solow model predicts that all countries with same parameter of investment funds rate, populace development rate and devaluation rate will all develop at a similar rate in since a long time ago run. This suggests A) The rich nations (characterized as those at significant level of pay) will develop at a lower rate B) The poor nations will develop at a quicker rate These conditions imply that poor people nations can find the rich nations over the long haul. †¢ Test of union Regression We test the connection ln(rate of development of y) = ? + ? ln(initial estimation of y) Conditions An and B infer that the coefficient ? should be negative Result: For an example of 23 nations for period 1990-2008 we discover: 1) the estimation of ? = - 0. 377451859 ) I t is profoundly huge as the likelihood value(pvalue) is near zero 3) The relationship of ln pace of development of per capita pay over the period with beginning salary is negative 4) % of information development of pace of development is clarified by the underlying degree of pay. It bodes well additionally as pace of development depends on the underlying degree of pay as well as different elements like instruction, RD, and so for th Standard deviation We test how standard deviation of relative livelihoods (comparative with US) of the nations changes after some time. Union suggests that pay of nations become increasingly equivalent. So we anticipate that standard deviations should diminish after some time. Result: Standard deviation falls after some time for the example of nations inferring combination Caveats The outcomes that we get are steady with the hypothetical outcomes. Anyway a large portion of the exact work that has been done on Solow Model has demonstrated the contrary outcome I. e. unequivocal union isn't believed to hold. The purpose behind this could the testing blunder. We have to take a bigger informational index to test it again before tolerating. ii) Test Solow model for India for the period 1990-2008 Solow model gives us the consistent state estimation of per capita salary as y†¢=[s/? +? +n]? /1-? Taking log on the two sides ln y†¢= (? /1-? )ln(s) †(? /1-? )ln(? +? +n) We gauge this condition for India for the period 1990-2008 A priori hypothesis reveals to us that o The indications of ln s and ln (n+ ? +? ) ought to be inverse o The indication of ln s should be sure inferring a positive effect of investment funds on level of per capita pay o The indication of populace development increment in effectiveness and devaluation should be negative as they lead to disintegration of capital stock per capita. Result: 1. The signs are according to the desires. Investment funds have surely positively affected the degree of per capita salary. The coefficient of sparing is huge at 5 % level of criticalness 2. The indication of n +? +? is negative true to form. Despite the fact that the estimation of the coefficient is extremely little. It is difficult to accept that 1 % expansion in populace development rate or deterioration rate or effectiveness diminishes per capita degree of yield by only 0. 3 %. Additionally, this term isn't huge. 3. The explanation could again be because of the way that expansion in use on training has been taken an intermediary for expanding proficiency. Maybe development pace of consumption is certainly not a decent intermediary and in this way we get such outcomes. End Thus the two tests that we have taken demonstrate a portion of the consequences of the Solow model yet not all. Investment funds do positively affect per capita degree of pay and assembly appears to exist for the arrangement of nations that we have taken. SOURCE 1. http://information. un. organization/2. http://databank. worldbank. organization/3. http://www. oecd. organization/ Step by step instructions to refer to Solow Growth Model, Papers

Varying Sentence Structure

To include intrigue, improve stream, and represent your complexity as an author, consistently attempt to shift the sentence structure inside passages. Numerous authors get into the Sally, Dick, and Jane groove, where their sentences are straightforward developments of subject-action word object. This makes for dull reading†¦ yet it additionally can affront the knowledge of the normal peruser, who is equipped for preparing data that is introduced in sentences of shifting lengths and differing developments. We’ll utilize a model from Atlas Shrugged. (Everybody is constantly dubious that I harbor Objectivist inclinations when I spout over Ayn Rand, nonetheless, this intrigue was deserted some time in the past. Ayn Rand’s composing, and her fixation on flawlessness, is still to be appreciated. Of course, she was somewhat bats, however her composing is mind blowing.) The accompanying portion is composed utilizing a similar sentence structure, again and again: Her leg was designed by the tight sheen of the stocking. Its long queue ran straight over an angled instep to the tip of a high-obeyed siphon. It had a ladylike class that appeared to be strange in the dusty train vehicle. It was additionally strangely confused with the remainder of her. Ayn Rand’s unique: Her leg, designed by the tight sheen of the stocking, its long queue running straight, over an angled instep, to the tip of a foot in a high-obeyed siphon, had a ladylike polish which appeared to be strange in the dusty train vehicle and strangely incomprehensible with the remainder of her. While this kind of composing contains a lot of prosper for article composing, and the sentence presents data in a more unpredictable way than you would need to, notice how the portrayal joins like components into a consistent entire without butchering it into shaking pieces (simply like Dagny’s leg is a long, whole line). Regardless of whether you’re expounding on Dagny Taggart’s attractive games, or the medical advantages of carrots, you can even now make stream that makes perusing and engrossing data intriguing. Carrots are sound. They contain a lot of nutrient A. Eating carrots is useful for your eyes. There is some proof that eating carrots will assist you with finding in obscurity. Better sentence structure: Carrots, which contain a lot of nutrient An, are amazingly solid. Indeed, carrots are extraordinary for eye wellbeing, and there is some proof that eating carrots will assist you with finding in obscurity. Learning better approaches to build sentences is as basic as opening up a magazine, perusing from a regarded online distribution, or getting your preferred great. Obviously, you ought to consistently adjust your composing style for your subject, your crowd, and clearness. Notwithstanding, what you gain from others can generally be refined into fundamental standards to use to improve your own abilities.

Side Effects of Thorazine for Bipolar Disorder

Side Effects of Thorazine for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Thorazine Side Effects With Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on November 24, 2019 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Seb Oliver/Cultura/Getty Images If you or a loved one has bipolar disorder, your doctor may have mentioned Thorazine to you as a possible medication option.  Thorazine, generic name Chlorpromazine, is an antipsychotic drug that is prescribed for the treatment of the bipolar disorder, as well as for schizophrenia and other disorders involving psychotic symptoms. In people with bipolar disorder, Thorazine is often prescribed to treat the symptoms of mania, which include agitation, aggression, and impulsivityâ€"as well as the symptoms of psychosis, such as grandiose delusions or paranoia. Antipsychotic medications such as Thorazine, an older drug, as well as some of the newer antipsychotics, can be life-saving for people with bipolar disorder. For these people, the benefits of these drugs typically outweigh their risks. Here are some of the reported side effects of Thorazine. Common Side Effects Check with your doctor if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome: Constipationdecreased sweatingdizzinessdrowsinessdryness of mouthnasal congestion Less Common Side Effects Check with your doctor if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome: Changes in menstrual perioddecreased sexual abilityincreased sensitivity of skin to sunlight (skin rash, itching, redness or other discoloration of skin, or severe sunburn)swelling or pain in breastsunusual secretion of milkweight gain (unusual) SPECIAL WARNING: Along with their needed effects, phenothiazines can sometimes cause serious side effects. Tardive dyskinesia (a movement disorder) may occur and may not go away after you stop using the medicine. Signs of tardive dyskinesia include fine, worm-like movements of the tongue, or other uncontrolled movements of the mouth, tongue, cheeks, jaw, or arms and legs. Other serious but rare side effects may also occur. These include severe muscle stiffness, fever, unusual tiredness or weakness, fast heartbeat, difficulty breathing, increased sweating, loss of bladder control, and seizures (neuroleptic malignant syndrome). You and your doctor should discuss the good this medicine will do as well as the risks of taking it. Notify Your Doctor Immediately More Common: Lip-smacking or puckering; puffing of cheeks; rapid or fine, worm-like movements of tongue; uncontrolled chewing movements; uncontrolled movements of arms or legs Rare:  Convulsions (seizures); difficult or fast breathing; fast heartbeat or irregular pulse; fever; high or low blood pressure; increased sweating; loss of bladder control; muscle stiffness (severe); unusually pale skin; unusual tiredness or weakness Notify Your Doctor as Soon as Possible More common: Blurred vision, change in color vision, or difficulty in seeing at night; difficulty in speaking or swallowing; fainting; inability to move eyes; loss of balance control; mask-like face; muscle spasms (especially of face, neck, and back); restlessness or need to keep moving; shuffling walk; stiffness of arms or legs; tic-like or twitching movements; trembling and shaking of hands and fingers; twisting movements of body; weakness of arms and legs Less Common: Difficulty in urinating; skin rash; sunburn (severe) Rare: Abdominal or stomach pains; aching muscles and joints; confusion; fever and chills; hot, dry skin or lack of sweating; muscle weakness; nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; painful, inappropriate penile erection (continuing); skin discoloration (tan or blue-gray); skin itching (severe); sore throat and fever; unusual bleeding or bruising; yellow eyes or skin Withdrawal Side Effects Dizziness, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, trembling of the fingers and hands, or any of the following symptoms of tardive dyskinesia: Lip-smacking or puckering; puffing of cheeks; rapid or fine, worm-like movements of tongue; uncontrolled chewing movements; uncontrolled movements of arms or legs Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your doctor.

The Multicultural Education Essay - 1320 Words

The Multicultural Education John Searle addresses the â€Å"major debate†¦ going on at present concerning†¦ a crisis in the teaching of the humanities.† [Searle, 106] He goes on to defend the canon of works by dead white males that has traditionally made up the curriculum of liberal arts education. I disagree with many of his arguments, and believe that multiculturalism should be taught in the university, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. Openmindedness will take much more than just minimal changes in curriculum. In order for works by different races and women to be judged and studied alongside works by white men, they have to be seen as equal to works by white men. They have to be studied for their literary content, not for the†¦show more content†¦It is not equal representation of â€Å"them† (minorities and women) by a university dominated by â€Å"them† (white males). We want students to think of all people in the same way, to include all human beings in the â€Å"us† group, to judge them by the same standards free from stereotypes and generalizations. This is an idealistic vision, I know, but without ideals, where do we begin? Some say we begin by requiring college students to take a certain number of classes focusing on women and a certain number of classes about other races and cultures to supplement the core curriculum studying dead white males. These courses become tedious requirements, which students loath. They resent the classes because they seem like extra, unnecessary work that will have no significance in their future in American consumer society. Ultimately, they resent multiculturalism itself for the extra workload, and thus the â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† mentality is perpetuated. An argument often made by those supporting traditional liberal arts curriculum is that the styles or translations encountered when studying works from other cultures is foreign, and therefore hard to study. In grade school we study literature mainly as way of learning about grammar, writing style, and reading comprehension. If works from other cultures (age appropriate of course) were incorporated into the grade school curriculum, children would become used to different styles of writing and wouldn’t shy away from them in their advancedShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Education And Multicultural Schools1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction There have been multiple definitions for Multicultural definition which has become so imperative. Multicultural education alludes to any form of education or teaching that incorporates the histories, texts, values, beliefs, and perspectives of people from different cultural backgrounds (Bank).America is considered to be a â€Å"melting potà ¢â‚¬  because of the many people who have immigrated in search of a better life. Immigrants have brought with them their own unique cultures. Different gendersRead MoreMulticultural Education : A Multicultural Classroom960 Words   |  4 PagesAn additional aspect to a perfect education system would be the use of multicultural education in schools. Multicultural education creates a comfortable environment for students of all races and ethnicities to learn in by combining a variety of ideals about teaching. According to Geneva Gay, the creator of multicultural education, one of these ideals is understanding the cultural characteristics and cultural contributions of different ethnic groups, such as the values of different ethnic groups,Read MoreA Multicultural Education956 Words   |  4 Pagesstatics in the Kim article were staggering. Being in education for 17 years I have personally seen the change in the student demographics. However Kim summarizes the truth that the demograp hy of the educators has not changed. The introduction focuses on the state of crisis in education involving the achievement gap. This study is focused not just on ethnicity, but also socioeconomic status. From this study the cause to look at multicultural education is very evident. The main area of the paper willRead MoreMulticultural Education : A Truly Multicultural Mosaic1259 Words   |  6 PagesMulticultural education incorporates the idea that all students- regardless of their gender, social class, and ethnic, racial, or cultural characteristics- should have an equal opportunity to learn in school, (Banks Banks, 2010, p. 3.) For centuries our country, the United States of America, has been known as the â€Å"melting pot† in a sense that our world was moving towards multiculturalism. Some see the old metaphor, the â€Å"melting pot† fading away within the last decade and has grown into a new term(s)Read MoreMulticultural Education And Educational Education770 Words   |  4 Pagesthe definition of multicultural education is defined in sociopolitical context and relates to comprehension of school reform. Namely, the multicultural education works in reforming schools and providing an equal and excellent education for everyone. Likewise, the author gave a definition of multicultural education based on her experience surrounding education environment. She divides multicultural education into seven basic characteristics: antiracist education, basic education, important for allRead MoreIssues in Multicultural Education900 Words   |  4 PagesIssues in Multicultural Education Effective instructors must understand the issues that impact multicultural education in the United States. The significance of providing an eminence instruction in an unbiased approach to all of their students is essential. The tide of demographic changes in the United States has affected most classrooms in our schools. As a result, some classroom teachers realize they must quickly acquire a comprehensive understanding of ethnic, cultural, and social-class diversityRead MoreEssay on Multicultural Education1681 Words   |  7 PagesMulticultural Education History/Past Challenges: One of the major goals of the American school system is to provide all children with equal educational opportunity. However, with regard to minority students, meeting this particular objective has presented a real challenge to educators as they have been confronted with the task of reshaping education in the multilingual, multicultural society that characterizes the United States. Many significant events contributed to the needRead MoreThe Importance Of Multicultural Education901 Words   |  4 Pagescurriculum is critical to achieving a multicultural school setting for students. The implications of my findings for teaching and learning are that educators need to better evaluate their texts and curriculum that they use with their students. In Becoming a Multicultural Educator, author James Banks explains that every student should receive an education of high quality and with that they should attain skills that will help them to flourish in a multicultural world (196). Also on page 196, authorRead MoreThe Problem Of Multicultural Education Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesProblem in Multicultural Education The common topic of the three articles is multicultural education. In the article, â€Å"Faculty perceptions of multicultural teaching in a large urban university,† the authors believe that â€Å"lack of understanding of multicultural teaching is evident in spite of the growing literature on theories of multicultural education and data documenting best practices† (Bigatti, S. M., et. al, 2012, p. 78). The authors of this article defines the meaning of the multicultural teachingRead MoreMulticultural Education And Its Importance1205 Words   |  5 PagesMulticultural Education and Its Importance in Schools and Society. Multicultural education is a term used to describe a wide variety of programs and practices. Multicultural instruction may be a thought alternately an idea that know understudies ought to have an rise to good fortune to take in over class in any case about their gender, social class, Also racial/cultural qualities. Multicultural training will be likewise a instructive change development. It includes downright one school alternately

Mec Business Strategy/Value Proposition/4 P - 1008 Words

Mountain Equipment Coop Introduction Mountain Equipment Co-op (MEC) is a Canadian outdoor consumer operative. In 1972, â€Å"We help people enjoy the benefits of self-propelled wilderness-oriented recreation,† became MEC’s first ever mission statement. MEC started with a niche market approach, adopting a focus strategy. Unsurprisingly, to adapt and maintain competitiveness, the organization’s business strategy has slowly shifted; since then, MEC has transitioned from a focus strategy to a growth and cost leadership approach. Nevertheless, the fundamental corporate values that gained MEC’s success, such as brand association to outdoor lifestyle and environmental sustainability, remain seen today. MEC continues to grow and evolve to over 15†¦show more content†¦It also strategically decided to outsource most of its productions overseas; allowing MEC to be competitively priced and slowly move to the vision of â€Å"catch all† rather than the traditional segmented focus strategy. Mentioned previously, although MEC outsources its productions, it puts a lot of effort to convey their ethical and sustainable sourcing standards and best practices. This meshes well with their corporate value of environmental sustainability and supporting human rights. MEC is constantly developing new products to diversify their business and market. They now offer a wide range of products that covers all the active lifestyle markets. This ranges from gears, clothing’s, supplements, to books and DVDs for cyclists, runners, kayaker and all outdoor active hobbies. Again, this is testimonial to MEC’s growth strategy and value proposition of offering products to all healthy lifestyles markets. Price MEC prides itself with the ability to manufacture sustainably and minimize eco foot prints while maintaining a competitive price point. It aspires to create products that are affordable and of good value to all consumers. While MEC carries other product brands, its core strategy revolves around its own unique brand. This vertical integration allows MEC to leverage its retail distribution strength. It effectively competes with all the other brands via a lower price point at a similar quality. Place MEC’s main channels of distribution areShow MoreRelatedBrand Audit of Vodafone6449 Words   |  26 PagesCommunication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 3. Advertising Agency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..05 4. Frequency of the campaign and the media used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......06 Section Two: Campaign Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦07 1. Video†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....07 2. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..07 3. Striking features of the campaign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08 4. Execution of the campaign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...09 5. Target Audience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAnz Bank142091 Words   |  569 PagesAustralia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (â€Å"the Company†) together with its subsidiaries which are variously described as: †ANZ†, â€Å"Group†, â€Å"ANZ Group†, â€Å"the Bank†, â€Å"us†, â€Å"we† or â€Å"our†. ANZ ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ANZ IS EXECUTING A FOCUSED STRATEGY TO BUILD THE BEST CONNECTED, MOST RESPECTED BANK ACROSS THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE OPERATE ANZ’s history of expansion and growth stretches over 175 years. We have a strong franchise in Retail, Commercial and Institutional

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Free Essays

On June 28th, 1914 in the city of Sarajevo two bullets were fired. World War One, World War Two and the Cold War all trace their origins to the gunshots that interrupted that summer day. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. We will write a custom essay sample on Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only was Franz murdered, but so was his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg. They were assassinated by a young man named Bosnian Serb which set off a chain of events that leaded to the start of World War One. To many people it was known as the Great War and seemed to have come out of the blue. Franz’s assassination was the start to it all. Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son of Carl Ludwig and the brother of Emperor Franz Josef. Franz was born in Austria in1863. He was educated by private tutors and decided to join the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1883. His military career included service with an infantry regiment in Prague and Hungary. While in the army Franz received several promotions: captain (1885), major (1888), colonel (1890) and general (1896). In 1889, Crown Prince Rudolf, the son of Franz Josef, shot himself at his hunting lodge. The death of Prince Rudolf passed the crown to Franz Ferdinand’s father, Carl Ludwig. When he died in 1896, Franz Ferdinand became the new heir to the throne. After the death of Franz, Austria/Hungary needed to enforce its authority in the face of such an insolent crime. Austria/Hungary immediately blamed Serbian government for the attack. After hearing that Serbia had asked Russia for help Austria/Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. However, with the threat of Russia and its army, and Austria having an army unprepared for a large-scale war, it required Germany’s help to back up its words with force. Emperor Franz Josef wrote a personal letter to Kaiser Wilhelm asking for support and on July 6, Germany informed that they would give their full support to Austria. On August 1, after hearing news of Russia’s general mobilization, Germany declared war on Russia. The German army then launched its attack on Russia’s ally, France, through Belgium, violating Belgian neutrality and bringing Great Britain into the war as well. Over the next four years, the Great War/World War One grew to involve Italy, Japan, the Middle East and the United States, and many other countries. Around 20 million soldiers died and 21 million more were wounded and stuck with the damages for the rest of their lives. At last in 1919 peace was found but only stayed in peace for about two decades before giving way to another devastating world war. Who is to blame for the Great War? It comes down to who started it and who backed who which is firstly Austria/Hungary. After the assassination in Serbia they automatically blamed the city which caused a lot of tension and the declaring of war on one another. The fact that Austria/Hungary asked Germany for help encouraged Serbia to react with getting help with Russia and it went on and on. To summarise this blame answer its Germany and Austria/Hungary. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia because a Serbian nationalist killed the heir to the throne. Germany’s unconditional backing of Austria-Hungary encouraged them to be aggressive, which further lead to the Great War. To conclude this topic on what started and who was to blame for World War One I come to say that blame can cause a lot of damage and trouble eg. Austria blaming Serbia, and that the assassination of Franz grew way out of hand and could have been easily solved with no need of involvement with other contries. . How to cite Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Essay examples

KWL Approach Essays - Pedagogy, KWL Table, Reading,

KWL Approach The students background information is extremely important. What the child knows will give them a better chance to develop understanding of the vocabulary and of their concepts. A teacher can find out how much background information each student has by using the K-W-L approach. This approach will not only let the teacher know what they already know, but also what they want to learn about the subject and finally what they have learned though their reading. A child that does not have a wide variety of background experiences to draw from can learn from what the others are saying, though pictures, discussion, film, filmstrips and if at all possible a field trip or a guest speaker to bring more meaning to the subject. For example, if the class was beginning a unit on Farm Animals, the teacher could ask what kind of animals live on a farm. They could read stories, look at pictures, make a farm by choosing which animals they would want on their farm, bring in different farm animals, bring in hay to use in the quiet area, have a farmer come and talk to the class and take a trip to a farm. This way the students can see first hand what a farm is, the animals that live their and how they live. Even though some students will have been to a farm or have a knowledge on what a farm is, they can also learn more from these experiences as well as those without first hand knowledge. The more information that is given, the more print rich the environment is, the better off the students will be.

Overview of the Republic of Malta

Overview of the Republic of Malta Malta, officially called the Republic of Malta, is an island nation located in southern Europe. The Malta archipelago is located in the Mediterranean Sea, about 93 km south of the island of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia. Malta is known as one of the worlds smallest and most densely populated countries, with an area of just 122 square miles (316 sq km) and a population of over 400,000- giving it a population density of about 3,347 persons per square mile or 1,292 people per square kilometer. Population: 408,333 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: VallettaLand Area: 122 square miles (316 sq km)Coastline: 122.3 miles (196.8 km)Highest Point: TaDmerjrek at 830 feet (253 m) History Archaeological records show that Maltas history dates back to ancient times and was one of the worlds oldest civilizations. Early in its history, Malta became an important trading settlement because of its central location in the Mediterranean, and the Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians built forts on the island. In 218 B.C.E., Malta became a part of the Roman Empire during the second Punic War. The island remained a part of the Roman Empire until 533 C.E. when it became a part of the Byzantine Empire. In 870, control of Malta passed to the Arabs, who remained on the island until 1090 when they were driven out by a band of Norman adventurers. This led to it becoming a part of Sicily for over 400 years, during which time it was sold to several feudal lords from lands that would eventually come to belong to Germany, France, and Spain. According to the U.S. Department of State, in 1522, Suleiman II forced the Knights of St. John from Rhodes and they spread out in various locations throughout Europe. In 1530, they were granted rule over the Maltese islands by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and for over 250 years the Knights of Malta controlled the islands. During their time on the islands, the Knights of Malta built several towns, palaces, and churches. In 1565, the Ottomans attempted to siege Malta- known as the Great Siege- but the Knights were able to defeat them. By the late 1700s, however, the power of the Knights began to decline and in 1798 they surrendered to Napoleon. For two years after Napoleon took over Malta, the population attempted to resist French rule and in 1800, with the support of the British, the French were forced out of the islands. In 1814, Malta became a part of the British Empire. During the British occupation of Malta, several military fortresses were built and the islands became the headquarters of the British Mediterranean Fleet. During World War II, Malta was invaded several times by Germany and Italy but it was able to survive and on August 15, 1942, five ships broke through a Nazi blockade to deliver food and supplies to Malta. This fleet of ships became known as the Santa Marija Convoy. In 1942, Malta was awarded the George Cross by King George VI. In September 1943 Malta was home to the surrender of the Italian fleet and as a result, September 8 is recognized as Victory Day in Malta to mark the end of WWII in Malta and commemorate the victory in the 1565 Great Siege. On September 21, 1964, Malta gained its independence and it officially became the Republic of Malta on December 13, 1974. Government Today Malta is still governed as a republic with an executive branch made up of a chief of state (the president) and a head of government (the prime minister). Maltas legislative branch is comprised of a unicameral House of Representatives, while its judicial branch is made up of the Constitutional Court, Court of First Instance and the Court of Appeal. Malta has no administrative subdivisions and the entire country is administered directly from its capital, Valletta. There are however several local councils that administer orders from Valletta. Economics and Land Use Malta has a relatively small economy and it is reliant on international trade because, according to the CIA World Factbook, it produces only about 20% of its food needs, has little fresh water and has few energy sources. Its main agricultural products are potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, flowers, green peppers, pork, milk, poultry, and eggs. Tourism is also a major part of Maltas economy and other industries in the country include electronics, shipbuilding and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco, as well as aviation, financial and information technology services. Geography and Climate Malta is an archipelago in the middle of the Mediterranean with two main islands - Gozo and Malta. Its total area is very small at only 122 square miles (316 sq km), but the overall topography of the islands varies. There are for example many rocky coastal cliffs, but the center of the islands is dominated by low, flat plains. The highest point on Malta is TaDmerjrek at 830 feet (253 m). The largest city in Malta is Birkirkara. The climate of Malta is Mediterranean and as such it has mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. Valletta has an average January low temperature of 48ËšF (9ËšC) and an average July high temperature of 86ËšF (30ËšC). References Central Intelligence Agency. (26 April 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - Malta.Infoplease.com. (n.d.). Malta: History, Geography, Government, and Culture.United States Department of State. (23 November 2010). Malta.ï » ¿Wikipedia.com. (30 April 2011). Malta.

The Iliad Book One by Homer - Summary

The Iliad Book One by Homer - Summary | Summary of Iliad Book I | Main Characters | Notes | Iliad Study Guide Song of the Wrath of Achilles In the very first line of the Iliad, the poet addresses the Muse, who inspires him with song, and asks her to sing (through him) the story of the wrath of the son of Peleus, aka Achilles. Achilles is angry with King Agamemnon for reasons shortly to be divulged, but first, the poet lays blame at the feet of Achilles for the death of many of the Achaean warriors. (Homer refers to the Greeks as Achaeans or Argives or Danaans, but we call them Greeks, so Ill use the term Greek throughout.) The poet then also blames the son of Zeus and Leto, aka Apollo, who has sent a plague to kill the Greeks. (The parallel blame of gods and mortals is common throughout the Iliad.) Apollo the Mouse God Before returning to the wrath of Achilles, the poet elaborates Apollos motives for killing Greeks. Agamemnon holds the daughter of Apollos priest Chryses (Chryseis). Chryses is willing to forgive and even bless Agamemnons ventures, if Agamemnon will return Chryses daughter, but instead, the haughty King Agamemnon sends Chryses packing. Calchas Prophecy To repay the indignity Chryses has suffered, Apollo, the mouse god, rains arrows of plague on the Greek forces for 9 days. (Rodents do spread plague, so the association between a divine mouse function and delivering plague makes sense, even if the Greeks werent completely aware of the connection.) The Greeks dont know why Apollo is angry, so Achilles persuades them to consult the seer Calchas, which they do. Calchas reveals Agamemnons responsibility. He adds that the plague will only lift if the dishonor is amended: Chryses daughter must be freely restored to her father, and appropriate offerings made to Apollo. Trade of Briseis Agamemnon is not pleased with the prophecy, but realizes he must comply, so he agrees, conditionally: Achilles must hand over to Agamemnon Briseis. Achilles had received Briseis as a war prize from the sack of Thebe, a city in Cilicia, where Achilles had killed Eetion, father of the Trojan prince Hectors wife, Andromache. Since then, Achilles had grown very attached to her. Achilles Stops Fighting for the Greeks Achilles agrees to hand over Briseis because Athena (one of the 3 goddesses, together with Aphrodite and Hera, who was involved in the judgment of Paris, a war goddess, and the sister of the war god Ares), tells him to. However, at the same time he surrenders Briseis, Achilles sulkily quits the Greek forces. Thetis Petitions Zeus on Behalf of Her Son Achilles complains to his nymph mother Thetis, who, in turn, brings the complaint to Zeus, the king of the gods. Thetis says that since Agamemnon has dishonored her son, Zeus should honor Achilles. Zeus agrees, but faces the wrath of his wife, Hera, queen of the gods, for his involvement in the conflict. When Zeus angrily dismisses Hera, the queen of the gods turns to her son Hephaestus, who comforts her. However, Hephaestus wont help Hera because he still vividly recalls the anger of Zeus when he pushed him off Mt. Olympus. (Hephaestus is depicted as lame as a result of the fall, although this is not specified here.) English Translation of | Summary of Iliad Book I | Characters | Notes| Iliad Study Guide The Muse - without the inspiration of the Muse, Homer couldnt write. There were three Muses originally, Aoede (song), Melete (pracice), and Mneme (memory), and later nine. They were the daughters of Mnemosyne (Memory). The Muse of song was Calliope. Achilles - best warrior and most heroic of the Greeks, although he is sitting out the war. Agamemnon - lead king of the Greek forces, the brother of Menelaus. Zeus - king of the gods. Zeus attempts neutrality.Known as Jupiter or Jove among the Romans and in some translations of the Iliad. Apollo - god of many attributes. In Book I Apollo is known as the mouse and therefore plague god. He is upset with the Greeks because they have dishonored him by insulting one of his priests. Hera - queen of the gods, wife and sister of Zeus. Hera is on the side of the Greeks.Known as Juno among the Romans and in some translations of the Iliad. Hephaestus - blacksmith god, son of HeraKnown as Vulcan among the Romans and in some translations of the Iliad . Chryses - priest of Apollo. His daughter is Chryseis, who was taken as a war prize by Agamemnon. Calchas - seer for the Greeks. Athena - a war goddess who especially favors Odysseus and other heroes. Athena is on the side of the Greeks.Known as Minerva among the Romans and in some translations of the Iliad. Profiles of Some of the Major Olympian Gods Involved in the Trojan War HermesZeusAphroditeArtemisApolloAthenaHeraAres Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book I Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book II Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book III Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book V Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book VIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book IX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book X Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XV Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XVIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XIX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XX Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXI Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIII Summary and Main Characters of the Iliad Book XXIV English Translation of | Summary | Main Characters | Notes on Iliad Book I| Iliad Study Guide The following are comments that occurred to me while reading English translations of Book I of the Iliad. Many of them are very basic and may be obvious. I hope they will be useful for people who are reading the Iliad as their first introduction to ancient Greek literature. O goddessThe ancient poets gave the gods and goddesses credit for many things, including the inspiration to write. When Homer calls on the goddess, he is asking the goddess known as Muse to help him write. The number of muses varied and they became specialized. to HadesHades is the god of the Underworld and a son of Cronus, making him the brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Demeter, Hera, and Hestia. The Greeks had a vision of an afterlife that includes having a king and queen (Hades and Persephone, daughter of Demeter) on thrones, various realms to which people were sent depending on how good they were in life, a river that had to be crossed via a ferry and a three-headed (or more) watchdog named Cerberus. The living feared that when they died they might be left standing on the other side of the river waiting to cross because the body was unburied or there was no coin for the ferryman. many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vulturesWe tend to think that once youre dead, youre dead, and what happens to your body makes no difference, but to the Greeks, it was important for the body to be in good shape. It would then be put on a funeral pyre and burned, so it would seem it makes no difference what it was like, but the Greeks also made sacrifices to the gods by means of burning animals. These animals had to be the best and unblemished. In other words, just because the body would be burned did not mean the body could be in less than pristine shape.Later in the Iliad, this almost obsessive need for a body in good shape causes the Greeks and Trojans to fight over Patroclus, whose head the Trojans wish to remove and put on a spike, and over the corpse of Hector, which Achilles does everything he can to abuse, but without success, because the gods watch over it. so as to take away the plague from us.Apollo shot silver arrows that could kill humans with the plague. Although there may be some debate over the etymology, Apollo appears to have been known as a Mouse god, probably because of a recognition of the connection between rodents and disease. augursthrough the prophesyings with which Phoebus Apollo had inspired himAugurs could predict the future and tell the will of the gods. Apollo was particularly associated with prophesy and is considered the god who inspires the oracle at Delphi. A plain man cannot stand against the anger of a king, who if he swallow his displeasure now, will yet nurse revenge till he has wreaked it. Consider, therefore, whether or no you will protect me.Achilles is here asked to protect the prophet against the will of Agamemnon. Since Agamemnon is the most powerful king, Achilles must be pretty strong to be able to offer his protection. In Book 24, when Priam visits him, Achilles tells him to sleep on the porch so that any possible emissary from Agamemnon will not see him because, in this case, Achilles would not be strong enough or willing to protect him. I have set my heart on keeping her in my own house, for I love her better even than my own wife Clytemnestra, whose peer she is alike in form and feature, in understanding and accomplishments.Agamemnon says he loves Chrseis better than his own wife Clytemnestra. It is not really saying a lot. After the fall of Troy, when Agamemnon goes home, he takes along a concubine whom he publicly displays to Clytemnestra, antagonizing her even more than he already has by sacrificing their daughter to Artemis to ensure a successful sailing for his fleet. He seems to love her as property, as Achilles recognizes.... And Achilles answered, Most noble son of Atreus, covetous beyond all mankindAchilles comments on how greedy the king is. Achilles is not as powerful as Agamemnon, and ultimately, cant stand against him; however, he can be and is very annoying. Then Agamemnon said, Achilles, valiant though you be, you shall not thus outwit me. You shall not overreach and you shall not persuade me.Agamemnon rightly accuses Achilles of over-reaching and by taunting the king, provokes him to insist on taking Achilles prize. What though you be brave? Was it not heaven that made you so?Achilles is renowned for his bravery, but Agamemnon says it is no big deal, since it is a gift of the gods. There are many biases/alien attitudes in the Iliad. The pro-Trojan gods are weaker than the pro-Greek. Heroism comes only to those noble birth. Agamemnon is superior because he is more powerful. Same with Zeus, vis a vis Poseidon and Hades. Achilles is too proud to settle for an ordinary life. Zeus has much contempt for his wife. Death can confer honor, but so can trophies of battle. A woman is worth a few oxen, but is worth less than certain other animals. Return to Books of the Iliad

Response to the Book George Orwell's 1984 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response to the Book George Orwell's 1984 - Essay Example From this moment on both Winston and Julia heightened to the awareness of what is next. Both transferred to the Ministry of love for interrogation swiftly followed by systematic physiological and physical torture. This torture consists of three stages, learning, understanding, and absolute acceptance of the Party's reality. These ideologies chewed away throughout the book at Winston's fundamental ideals. Winston and Julia both grew to hate the party, rallying against it in both their thoughts by actions and behaviors as well. The Party's main object is absolute acceptance of their Doctrine. Winston must painfully accept eventually. However, this particular book seems layered like an onion tearfully peeling away each layer to expose the soft underbelly in all of us. The fear of self; which is signified by room 101 where they sent Winston when he refused to betray himself, his love, and his absolute hatred for Big Brother. The final step has Winston facing his biggest fears, rats place d in a cage strapped to his face ready to tear into his skull. In a moment of absolute terror Winston screams out "Do it to Julia" betraying not only her but also the very core of himself. The one thing he believed they could never touch, could never get at, resonated from him the way a gavel echoes with justice in a courtroom.

Criminal minds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal minds - Essay Example In spite of the efforts in this direction crimes continue to exist and it can be concluded that the crimes will continue to exist and this problem can not be solved. In order to solve this problem it becomes necessary that the cause of the crimes or the reason why people commit crimes need to be analysed. Traditionally crime has been considered as associated with two domains by the specialists. The domains are the nature or the environment of the individuals including the family and the peers of the individuals. However it must be noted that these specialists belong to different fields of science as the complexity and dynamics of crime extends to different areas which are difficult to comprehend. When reference is made to the science of criminology automatically reference is made to different branches of science such as psychology, genetics, sociology etc. The main purpose of criminology is to deal with crimes and criminals and solve this social problem. As mentioned earlier the main approaches to deal with the problem of crimes and their resolution are the natural approach and the environmental approach. The environmental approach deals with the circumstances that made an individual to commit a crime and it does not consider the heredity or family background of the criminal. Whereas the natural approach is sure that the nature of the criminal, his or her genes, and heredity are the main reasons that make him/her to commit the crimes. The latest developments in genetics have been fairly successful in substantiating the environmental causes for people committing crimes and this has put away the theories about the heredity and genes being responsible for the crimes which need to be proved scientifically. The theories relating to the presupposition of the heredity and genes are ambiguous and are to be established with a scientific base before they can be taken into account. On the other hand the followers of the environmental approach also can not deny the fact that the heredity and genetic causes play an important role in shaping the character of a person. They also contribute to the committing of the crime by the individuals. It is important that environment in which a person is born and brought up is considered while studying the crimes, as such environmental factors do have a large influence on the formation of the personality of the individual and the shaping of his or her characters. Though this new approach is relatively young and new it is becoming more and more popular and deserves to be analysed thoroughly before any conclusion can be drawn from the approach. According to Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) "criminology is the study of delinquency and crime with the goal of developing a body of knowledge including all the dynamics that surround crime and criminals to assist in their understanding of the phenomenon". Thus the focus of the science of criminology is to evolve a deep understanding of crime, the reasons why people commit crimes and also the nature of the people who commit crimes namely the criminals. It is a fact that it would be difficult to understand the crimes as a social phenomenon in general and all the details of the crime in particular as it affects the society, unless the causes which make the people commit the crimes.

An Unnatural Family as the Punishment for Sin in Hawthornes Scarlet Le

In an introductory paragraph to Nathaniel Hawthorne’s works, Perkins and Perkins say that â€Å"Hawthorne elevated some of the darkest events of the colonial period and transformed them into universal themes and questions†(Perkins 433). One of these themes is that of the penalty of sin. In Romans 6:23, Paul says that â€Å"the wages of sin is death† and Hawthorne seems to share this view, or at least some version of it. This view is prevalent in his novel The Scarlet Letter. In it, the penalty for Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale’s sin is a family that is disfigured and unnatural. Dimmesdale, the â€Å"father† in this family shies away from his patriarchal duties and stands by while he lets Hester do all of the work regarding Pearl. First of all, Dimmesdale is absent for the majority of Pearl’s life. He is present in the town but hardly ever sees Pearl, even though she is his daughter. He says that Pearl has, only â€Å"twice in her little lifetime† shown kindness to him(Hawthorne Ch.19). Out of seven entire years, Dimmesdale and Pearl have shared only two meaningful moments together. Dimmesdale has obviously shied away from his duties as a father to Pearl. Even though she is illegitimate, it is his responsibility to help raise her. He also does not deal with Pearl directly when she is acting like a crazed animal. He implores Hester to calm her, telling Hester to â€Å"pacify her,† through any means to show him â€Å"if thou lovest me!†(Hawthorne Ch. 19). Hawthorne uses specific images through the words of his characters to show how much Dimmesdale is shying away from his responsibilities as a father. As a father, Dimmesdale should be raising his child to become a contributing member of the Puritan society in Massachusetts. Instead of doing this, Dimmesd... ..., but this is exactly what Pearl does over both Hester and Dimmesdale. Clearly, during the forest scene, Hawthorne is giving the reader a sense of how unnatural this family that came from a single adulterous act is. It sheds light on Hawthorne’s romantic views because it shows how an unnatural family is detestable. In a much more broad sense, it gives the reader a glimpse of Hawthorne’s own personal theology. He firmly believes in severe consequences for sin and it shows in his novel. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. 1850. New York: Bantam Dell, 2003. Print Perkins, George, and Barbara Perkins. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The American Tradition in Literature. Ed. Perkins and Perkins. 12th ed. Concise ed. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007. 433-36. Print. The Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1996. Print.

Prisons As Industry Essay

What is the most profitable industry in America? Weapons, oil and computer technology all offer high rates of return, but there is probably no sector of the economy as abloom with money as the privately run prison industry. Prison industry in recent years has become a high-profit business and it competes with industries such as the oil and gas industry. The aim of this paper therefore is to examine the industry as a whole. In examining the industry therefore, there shall be a cursory analysis of some salient point vis-à  -vis the prison industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A very important fact is that the prison industry came about because of the congestion in the various government-owned prisons in throughout the country. The demand for prisons seems to be ever increasing and the public prisons scattered all around the country are incapable of providing adequately for this. Nearly every prison in America is overcrowded and will continue to be so if new prisons do not spring up. So therefore, the aim of the prison industry is to make provisions for more space to keep dissidents at a lower cost than federal prisons can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other words, privately owned prisons are unique because demand for prisons is high, while supply of prisons is low.   That is what makes this industry so appealing. Thus, privately owned prisons are good substitutes for federally run services. Therefore, this brings us to the issue of prison privatization. This involves the transfer of running state-owned prisons to private industries to manage. Thus, by using the private sector to build or manage prisons, many states believe that they can reduce costs. Privatization of prisons can take various forms. This includes: Contracting out services: This is the most common form of prison privatization. Currently, 39 states in the US hire private firms to provide such services as medical and mental health treatment, drug treatment, education, staff training, and vocational training and counseling. Contracting out prison labor This also is another means of privatizing prisons. By putting prisoners to work and paying inmates competitive wages, many private companies are reducing prison costs for the government by withholding earnings for taxes, room and board, family support, and victim’s compensation. Such employment also gives prisoners the skills and work experience that will prepare them for the job market when they are released from prison. Construction and lease/purchasing Many states see private construction as a promising solution to the prison over crowding crisis. States normally finance construction by cash appropriations (a â€Å"pay-as-you-go† approach) or by issuing general obligation bonds The points above are some of the ways by which prisons by various states in the US. In another vein, privatization of prisons can also occur at the federal level. For instance, the Federal Government of the United States recently proposed contracting with a private firm for a new 500 bed minimum-secure facility for illegal aliens. In addition, the Bureau has considered contracting for facilities to house â€Å"special needs† prisoners, such as juveniles, women, protective custody cases, and for prisoners needing medical services. However, the federal government is wary in contracting out the more â€Å"mainstream† prisoners such as those imprisoned in the Federal Correctional Institutions and the U.S. Penitentiary System. Nevertheless, the prison industry has raises certain questions. These questions must be answered before a deeper understanding and full grasp of the objectives of the industry can be achieved. The first question is that has the federal government abrogated its responsibility by privatizing prisons. In other words, Should the private sector be responsible for a function traditionally performed by the government sector? Evidence has shown that that prison privatization does not mean that the government relinquishes its responsibility. The government still would select the inmates to be placed in private prisons, choose the type of facility to be contracted out, oversee the contractor’s disciplinary practices and, most important, evaluate the contractor’s performance. Furthermore, another good question to be asked is whether service quality and flexibility is maintained or not? This is because some policy makers maintain that the quality of management in private prisons will tend to be high at first, because of competition and the desire to win contracts. However, they question the private sector’s ability to sustain high-quality standards. This is not true of the prison industry because contracting standards are likely to improve over time as more firms enter the market and competition increases. Periodic bidding creates incentives for firms to improve constantly the quality and cost-efficiency of their performance. These above questions, among others, are some of the questions to ask in order to have an enlightened grasp of the prison industry. Now, it is of necessity to look at the history of prison industry. Historically, prison population started to grow in the United States in the 70s. Statistically, one out of every hundred adults is now imprisoned. In order to curtail the unwanted rise in the number of inmates, larger sentences are being imposed on to act as deterrent and other policies, which are known as the ‘broken window’. They have introduced the ’three strike’ policy which means that if you are convicted of any 3 offences you will receive life which is a very good deterrent. The state of Virginia applies this always, and has managed to slow the growth of the population (Bratton 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the government has tried to seek alternative modes of punishing offenders instead of retaining them in the prison yards. Undauntedly however, the rate of offenders soars. This has gone a long way in boosting the prison industry. The industry is now much bigger than ever before worth around 40 billion dollars a year. Due to the overcrowding in state prisons and federal prisons, which are on average 34% over designed capacity according to the BJS report, the prison industry has to rely on private prisons. Many states enjoy the companies taking on the task of building the prisons and covering the costs and just charging the state per inmate, as the state tends to be a lot more lenient to a convicted felon in order to save money. So therefore, prison industry continues to soar high. Investors are now having good times because of their net profits from prison business. For example, the leading company in prison business, Corrections Corporation of America, has made a tremendous success in the business. The revenue of this company rose by 81% in 1995 alone. Again, Investors in Wackenhut Corrections Corporation, another leading prison industry,   have enjoyed an average return of 18 percent during the past five years and the company is rated by Forbes as one of the top 200 small businesses in the country as of today. The list goes on an on. Ten years ago, there were just five privately run prisons in the country, housing a population of 2.000. Nearly, a score of private firms run more than 100 prisons with about 62,000 beds today. That’s still less than five percent of the total market, but the industry is expanding fast, with the number of private prison beds expected to grow to 360,000 during the next decade. This could be said to be the reason why a recent headline in USA Today which says that; â€Å"Everybody’s Doin the Jailhouse Stock† In view of this, the prison industry is now a lucrative business. In fact, almost 30 states in the US have 28 states have passed legislation making it legal for private contractors to run correctional facilities and many more states are expected to follow suit. God knows maybe one day, the prison industry will take over as the most lucrative and cost-effective business. To summarize it all, there are many reasons why America has incarcerated more of its population than any other country including China, which has a much greater population. The main reason is still the fact that the prison industry is being portrayed as a business and companies are making money from crime. Therefore, toughening of laws by both the federal and state governments does not help matter. Therefore, one can safely conclude that prison industry has come to stay. What is to be done now is for the government to tighten laws on the establishment of privately owned correction centers across the States. This would go a long way in ensuring that the privately owned prisons function effectively as their public counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Tonry M., 2004. Prisons and Imprisonment, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Pages 12062-1206. Walker, S., Spohn, C., Dolone, M., 2004. The Color of Justice, Race Ethnicity, and Crime in America, 3rd Ed, Wadsworth Publishing. Scalia, J., August 2001. Federal Drug Offenders, 1999 with trends 1984-99, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice. Samaha, j., 2001. Criminal justice, 5th ed. Wadsworth publishing. Renshaw, B., December 1982. Prisoners 1925-1981, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice. Harrison, P., November 2004. Prisoners 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice.

Plant Tissue Systems

Energy Consumption Layer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 33 Words: 9846 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT This research demonstrates that the optimization for lower energy consumption leads to cross layer design from the two ends namely physical layer and the application layer. This optimization for quality of service requirements demands integration of multiple OSI layers (Open Systems Interconnect) Beginning from the physical layer the probability of successful radio packet delivery is first explored. This probability along with network energy consumption is traded off to let CTP-SN (Cooperative Transmission Protocol for Sensor Networks) demonstrate that sensor nodes co-operative radio transmission exponentially reduces the outage probability when the node density increases. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Energy Consumption Layer" essay for you Create order On the other hand in MSSN (Sensor Networks with Mobile sinks) the probability of successful information retrieval on the mobile sink is explored. Optimal and sub-optimal transmission scheduling algorithms are then studied to exploit the trade-off between consumption and probability of successful radio packet delivery. In both the cases, optimizations lead to compound link layer and physical layer design. In the application layer Low Energy Self Organizing Protocols (LESOP) are studied for target tracking in dense wireless sensor networks. The application quality of service (QoS) under study is the target tracking error and network energy consumption. A QoS knob is utilized for controlling the tradeoffs between target tracking errors and network energy consumption. Direct connections are found between the top application layer and bottom MAC (medium Access Control)/ Physical layers. Moreover, unlike the classical OSI paradigm of communication networks, transport and network layers are excluded in LESOP in order to simplify the protocol stack. The Embedded Wireless Interconnect (EWI) which has been proposed to replace the existing OSI paradigm as the potential universal architecture platform is an effort towards standardization. EWI is built on two layers which are wireless link layer and system layer, respectively. A brief study of EWI is also carried out. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION GENERAL A network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain sub networks. There are different types of networks. This chapter discusses briefly about adhoc network, mobile adhoc network (MANET) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) respectively. WNS is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions at different locations. Sensor node deployment, power consumption, topological changes are some of the differences between WNS and MANET .There are various applications of wireless sensor networks, among which is target tracking. ADHOC NETWORK An ad-hoc (or spontaneous) network is a local area network or other small network, especially one with wireless or temporary plug-in connections, in which some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest of the network. In Latin, ad hoc literally means for this, further meaning for this purpose only, and thus usually temporary. The disadvantages of ad-hoc networks: An ad-hoc network tends to feature a small group of devices all in very close proximity to each other. Performance suffers as the number of devices grows, and a large ad-hoc network quickly becomes difficult to manage. Ad-hoc networks cannot bridge to wired LANs or to the Internet without installing a special-purpose gateway. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.[] As the nodes are mobile, The network topology may vary unpredictably and rapidly over time. The network is decentralized, where the nodes themselves must execute all network movement together with delivering messages and discovering the topology, (i.e., routing functionality will be integrated into mobile nodes). Ranging from small, diverse, static networks that are controlled by power sources, to large-scale, highly dynamic networks, mobile are the applications for the MANETs. The main disadvantages of MANET are listed below: Regardless of the application, efficient distributed algorithms are needed by MANETs to determine link scheduling, routing and network organization. In a static network, the shortest path is based on a cost function given from a source to a destination is usually the optimal route; the idea discusseed is not easily extended to MANETs. The design of the network protocols for these networks is a problematic issue. Factors such as propagation path loss, fading, variable wireless link quality, multi-user interference, topological changes and power expended, become relevant issues. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS The term wireless network may technically be used to refer to any type of network that is wireless, the term is most commonly used to refer to a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes is implemented without the use of wires, such as a computer network. A sensor network is a computer network of many, spatially distributed devices using sensors to monitor conditions at different locations, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions at different locations. WSNs differ in many fundamental ways from MANETs. Among the differences that may impact the network and protocol design are The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network. Sensor nodes are densely deployed. Sensor nodes are prone to failures. The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently. Sensor nodes mainly use a broadcast communication paradigm, whereas most adhoc networks are based on point-to-point communications. Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and memory. Sensor nodes may not have global identification (ID) because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors. Constraints of WSN The following are the constraints of WSN which have to be consider while developing an application in wireless sensor networks. Fault Tolerance: Individual nodes are prone to unexpected failure with a much higher probability than other types of networks. The network should sustain information dissemination in spite of failures. Scalability: Number in the order of hundreds or thousands. Protocols should be able to scale to such high degree and take advantage of the high density of such networks. Production Costs: The cost of a single node must be low, much less than $1. Hardware Constraints: A sensor node is comprised of many subunits (sensing, processing, communication, power, location nding system, power scavenging and mobilizer). All these units combined together must consume extremely low power and be contained within an extremely small volume. Sensor Network Topology: Must be maintained even with very high node densities. Environment: Nodes are operating in inaccessible locations either because of hostile environment or because they are embedded in a structure. Transmission Media: RF, Infrared and Optical. Power Consumption: Power conservation and power management are primary design factors. Challenges of WSN In spite of the diverse applications, sensor networks pose a number of unique technical challenges due to the following factors: Adhoc Deployment: Most sensor nodes are deployed in regions which have no infrastructure at all. A typical way of deployment in a forest would be tossing the sensor nodes from an aeroplane. In such a situation, it is up to the nodes to identify its connectivity and distribution. Unattended Operation: In most cases, once deployed, sensor networks have no human intervention. Hence the nodes themselves are responsible for reconfiguration in case of any changes. Unethered: The sensor nodes are not connected to any energy source. There is only a finite source of energy, which must be optimally used for processing and communication. An interesting fact is that communication dominates processing in energy consumption. Thus, in order to make optimal use of energy, communication should be minimized as much as possible. Dynamic Changes: It is required that a sensor network system be adaptable to changing connectivity (for e.g., due to addition of more nodes, failure of nodes etc.) as well as changing environmental stimuli. Thus, unlike traditional networks, where the focus is on maximizing channel throughput or minimizing node deployment, the major consideration in a sensor network is to extend the system lifetime as well as the system robustness. Since many of the constraints of WNS are to deal with usage of sensor nodes its necessary to know about the sensors and sensor network architecture. Sensor Network Architecture The sensor nodes are usually scattered in a sensor field.Each of these scattered sensor nodes has the capabilities to collect data and route data back to the sink. A sensor is a type of transducer. It is a device that responds to a stimulus, such as heat, light, or pressure, and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is also known as a mote, that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Components A sensor node is made up of four basic components a sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit, and a power unit as. They may also have additional application-dependent components such as a location finding system, power generator and mobilizer. Sensing units are usually composed of two subunits: sensors and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The analog signals produced by the sensors based on the observed phenomenon are converted to digital signals by the ADC, and then fed into the processing unit. The processing unit, which is generally associated with a small storage unit, manages the procedures that make the sensor node collaborate with the other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks. A transceiver unit connects the node to the network. One of the most important components of a sensor node is the power unit. Power units may be supported by power scavenging units such as solar cells. There are also other subunits that are application-dependent. Most of the sensor network routing techniques and sensing tasks require knowledge of location with high accuracy. Thus, it is common that a sensor node has a location finding system. A mobilizer may sometimes be needed to move sensor nodes when it is required to carry out the assigned tasks. Sensor Network Protocol Stack The protocol stack used by the sink and sensor nodes shown in Figure2.1 is given in Figure 2.3. This protocol stack combines power and routing awareness, integrates data with networking protocols, communicates power efficiently through the wireless medium, and promotes cooperative efforts of sensor nodes. The protocol stack consists of the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, application layer, power management plane, mobility management plane, and task management plane. The physical layer addresses the needs of simple but robust modulation, transmission, and receiving techniques. Since the environment is noisy and sensor nodes can be mobile, the medium access control (MAC) protocol must b e power-aware and able to minimize collision with neighbors broadcasts. The network layer takes care of routing the data supplied by the transport layer. The transport layer helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor networks application requires it. Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application software can b e built and used on the application layer. In addition, the power, mobility, and task management planes monitor the power, movement, and task distribution among the sensor nodes. These planes help the sensor nodes coordinate the sensing task and lower overall power consumption. Wireless Sensor Networks Application Typical applications of WSNs include monitoring, tracking, and controlling. The specific applications are habitat monitoring, target tracking, nuclear reactor controlling, fire detection, traffic monitoring, Environmental monitoring, Acoustic detection , Seismic Detection , Military surveillance ,Inventory tracking ,Medical monitoring ,Smart spaces ,Process Monitoring ,Structural health monitoring ,Health Monitoring . Among these applications we will mainly study about target tracking in WSN. Target Tracking Target Tracking is estimating the location of the target and then proceeding to find the path or track of the target. The movement of the target is monitored by sensor nodes in WSN. SUMMARY Thus we see that though there are many kinds of networks like adhoc network, MANET accuracy is higher in WNS. So with the help of the sensor nodes target tracking can be done accurately using WNS. There are many different types of protocols and methods to perform target tracking, which will be discussed in next chapter. The LESOP protocol design will be discussed in fourth chapter. The implementation of the protocol and the end result will be discussed in the fifth chapter. The future enhancement and conclusion will be discussed in sixth chapter. CHAPTER: LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION Target tracking is one of the applications of WNS. Many different method, protocol and algorithm were adopted to detect and track the target. This chapter discusses briefly about the different algorithm, method, and protocol that were used to perform target tracking. They may include Distributed Online Localization, Cooperative Tracking, Collaborative Target Tracking, binary sensor model, Building and Managing Aggregates, Lightweight Sensing and Communication Protocols, on-Linear Measurement Model, Distributed State Representation, Optimizing Tree Reconfiguration ,Energy-Quality Tradeoffs, Entropy-based Sensor Selection Heuristic, An Activity-based Mobility Model and Trajectory Prediction. DISTRIBUTED ONLINE LOCALIZATION A distributed online algorithm is used here. The sensor nodes put to use geometric constraints. These are induced by radio connectivity and sensors in order to minimize the uncertainty of their locations. In order to improve their and moving target positions distributed online localization uses online observation of a moving target using sensor nodes. The nodes that act as reference nodes are pre-positioned into the network. The target is placed in an unknown position. Sensor nodes normally communicate with adjacent nodes. Size, ratio of known nodes, range of the radio and sensing rage are taken into consideration when this algorithm is implemented. It has been verified that this algorithm can track targets with more accuracy over time by better estimation of nodes and target positions through sensor observations. When the ratios of reference nodes are high, this method can be applied to enhance position estimation accuracy. COOPERATIVE TRACKING A binary detection sensor network is used in this area wherein the network sensor nodes can only establish if an object is within the maximum detection range. Information exchange between adjacent nodes refines location estimates improving precision of tracking. This algorithm is in two levels. In level one, local target position estimation is carried out. In the initial phase the target is assumed to be equal to the position of sensor node. The position data is recalculated as weighted averages to sensor location when new information about the node is made available. Closer nodes get more weight age. These estimations are aggregated to obtain the path of the object. In level two, a linear approximation of the path is calculated. This is done using the line-fitting algorithm on positions obtained in the previous level. The comparability of this approach to others such as distance measurements or angle of arrival measurements from sensors is confirmed by simulations. Because this approach puts to use binary-detection sensors it ends up being simpler and cheaper. COLLABRATIVE TARGET TRACKING This method is used to derive the effect of wireless network impairments on performance of the target tracking algorithm. It is applied in collaborative target tracking by using acoustic sensors. Target tracking by acoustic sensors demands multiple range or range estimation in order to carry out location estimation. Estimations are obtained by using a minimum of three range measurements. These are needed for a triangulation to precisely locate the target position. However, simultaneous range measurements are not possible as the target is mobile. Besides, over large networks maintaining measurements is tricks. Some measurements may be dropped or get delayed. Accuracy suffers because of this. SCAAT Kalman filter is used to manage global time synchronization. The Kalman filter maintains a time-stamped target state and updates the state when a single range or line of bearing is received. The de-jitted buffer is used to store the received measured with a time-out. These buffer storages sa ve a huge amount of unnecessary measurements. Two types of nodes are found in this network. First type estimates a targets range/angle. The second one called fusion nodes fuse the individual measurements. This results in a network without any packet loss or reordering. In more practical networks that suffer packet loss and re-ordering the location error decreases as the buffering latency increases. Therefore the de-jitter buffer helps save out of order packets. BINARY SENSOR MODEL This models works on the assumption that each sensor in the network detects one bit of information and this information is broadcast to the base station. This bit examines if an object is travelling away or towards the sensor. While this predicts the direction accurately, it does not yield the correct location. In order to do this a particle filtering style algorithm is used for target tracking. Besides the one bit information an additional bit is also gathered from proximity sensors to point out the exact location of the object. This tracking algorithm works on three assumptions namely: sensors in a region can detect the target travelling towards or away from sensor, bit information from every sensor is available in the central repository for processing and finally additional sensor supplies proximity information as a single bit is present. The error in trajectory prediction is rather low and the broadcast of a single bit over the whole network is easily feasible. The base station w as also able to respond to the sensor values broadcasting at higher rates. This solution is very practical to simple tracking applications. BUILDING AND MANAGING AGGREGATES This method introduces a decentralized protocol that constructs sensor aggregates in order to identify/count distinct nodes or targets in the field. Sensor aggregates are nothing but nodes that satisfy group predicate. Task and resource requirements are the parameters for grouping predicate. These aggregates are used for performing a task in a collaborative manner. The DAM(Distributed Aggregate management) protocol was introduced to support a representative and collaborative signal processing tasks. The DAM protocol forms many sensor aggregates in the sensor field. The following are assumptions are made about the networks : targets are single point sources of signal, sensors can mutually transfer information on the wireless within a fixed radius that that is higher than the mean inter-node distance, sensor times are synchronized to a global clock, and finally that the battery power limits network bandwidth. Within a variation of parameters this protocol has been observed to be effective in simulations. LIGHTWEIGHT SENSING AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS There are quite a few lightweight sensing and protocols such as Expectation-Maximization like Activity Monitoring (EMLAM), Distributed Aggregate Management (DAM), and finally Energy-Based Activity Monitoring (EBAM). Protocol DAM was developed for target monitoring. Sensors used low cost amplitude sensing. DAM carries out its purpose of electing local cluster leaders. The sensors in the network are classified into clusters on the basis of their signal strength, with each cluster having only one peak. Every peak represents a target as well as multiple targets that are close together. Each peak is identified by comparing heights of neighboring sensors. Sensor nodes exchange information to their one-hop neighbors. The cluster head leader is elected in the first phase as described above. Each sensor node is joint with a cluster that is defined by the highest peak that can reach that sensor through a path. Every leader can communicate with one or more targets in a defined period. DAM would not be capable to differentiate when there are many targets in a single cluster. To solve this problem, EBAM calculates the number of targets within each cluster. It also provides a solution to count targets within every sensor clutter made up by the DAM protocol. They assume each target has equal amounts of power. Since a single target is known the number of target sensors in the clutter can be calculated from the total signal power calculated in the cluster. The third protocol EMLAM uses expectation maximization technique for intra-cluster target counting. It assumes targets are not clustered while entering the field. When moving together sensor leaders will exchange information to track targets. The new target positions are estimated using a prediction model. Minimum mean Square estimation(MMSE) is used for estimating location and target signal powers. NON-LINEAR MEASUREMENT MODEL In the nonlinear measurement model a particle filter approach is used for tracking targets in presence of spurious measurements, which provide information such as target wakes, multi-path and tethered decoys. In order to resolve the problem of intermittent measurements appearing behind the target a measurement function is derived. The centroid of one of the sensors may be disturbed to point behind the actual target position due to environmental effects this is called wake effect. This particular filter accommodates this bias and models the filter with discrete hidden Markov model. Simulation results show that intermitten corruptions of measurement process can still track a target using particle filtering. DISTRIBUTED STATE REPRESENTATION In this method the state space model of physical phenomena is exploited. The dimension of the network increases with the presence and interaction of multiple targets. The issue of distributed sensing system to support monitoring in network has been dealt with in this method. Multiple target tracking is dealt with as an estimation problem. The position of target at time t is estimated using the state. Based on data collected, the actual location can be computed. Each target affects a local region of sensors in a distributed sensor network. In a multiple target neighborhood, the data will be shared across the network. Higher dimension tracking problem is broken into simple problems. Target states are decoupled into locations and identities. A joint estimation like centralized tracking approach is carried out when two targets move close to each other. While targets move away from each other, it will go back to single target tracking. However sorting out the confusion of two targets will require identity management. OPTIMIZING TREE RECONFIGURATION This method focuses on energy efficient detection and tracking mobile targets in introducing the concept of convoy tree based collaboration (DCTC) whose framework is to track the target as it moves. Along with the target, the sensor nodes move around. The tree is reconfigured to add and remove nodes as the target moves. DCTC is an optimization problem that solves to find a convey sequence with the lowest energy consumption in two steps. The first level involves an interception-based reconfiguration algorithm that reconfigures the tree for energy efficiency. The next step is for root migration. Results demonstrate that this scheme has the lowest energy consumption. ENERGY-QUALITY TRADEOFFS Here the energy efficient tradeoff of random activation and selective activation of the sensor nodes for localization and tracking of mobile targets has been studied. Many approaches namely nave activation, randomized activation, selective activation based on trajectory prediction, and duty-cycled activation are applied here. This method gives the impact of activation/deployment of sensor nodes, their sensing range, the capabilities of activated/un-activated nodes, and the target mobility model. It was found in simulations that selective activation plus a good prediction algorithm provides more energy saving while tracking. Besides, duty-cycle activation displays better flexibility and dynamic tradeoff in energy expenditure while used with selective activation. ENTROPY-BASED SENSOR SELECTION HEURISTIC This method proposes a novel entropy based heuristic for sensor selection based on target localization. This involves selecting informative sensors in each tracking step which is carried by using a greedy sensor selection strategy. This involves repeatedly selecting unused sensors with maximal expected information gain. Its purpose is to evaluate the expected information gain that can be attributed to each sensor. This should yield on average the greatest entropy reduction of target location distribution. In developing this wireless network the uncertainty in localization reduction attributable to a single sensor is primarily effected by entropy distribution of sensors view on the location of the target and entropy of sensors sensing model for actual location. The heuristic is calculated by simulation to yield a reduction in the entropy while providing previous target location, its distribution, sensor locations, and sensing models. SUMMARY All the methods discussed in this chapter uses OSI architecture and the protocol stack has application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer respectively. But the proposed LESOP protocol does not use OSI architecture but cross-layer architecture. Transport and network layer are being excluded in LESOP protocol stack. CHAPTER: DESIGN AND ALGORITHM INTRODUCTION A cross-layer design perspective is adopted in LESOP for high protocol efficiency, where direct interactions between the Application layer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer are exploited. Unlike the classical Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) paradigm of communication networks, the Transport and Network layers are excluded in LESOP to simplify the protocol stack. A lightweight yet efficient target localization algorithm is proposed and implemented, and a Quality of Service (QoS) knob is found to control the tradeoff between the tracking error and the network energy consumption. This chapter discusses briefly about the modules and overall design of the LESOP protocol. LESOP MODULES The system module architecture of LESOP node is shown diagrammatically in Figure 4.1. The modules are named following the OSI tradition. The LESOP architecture virtually conforms to the proposed two-layer EWI platform. Inter-module information exchanges are done by messages and inter-node communications are done by packets and busy tones. Packets go through the primary radio, while busy tones are sent by the secondary wakeup radio. A set of inter-module messages, inter-node packets/tones, and module states for LESOP are defined. In wireless communications specifically, the Transport and Network layer are omitted to simplify the protocol stack. All the radio packets have one source address, which is the location coordinates Li of the source sensor node. They do not have a destination address, and are wirelessly broadcasted to the source neighborhood. In the LESOP design, the radio range is assumed to be two times larger than the sensing range. The assumption keeps the nodes set i.e., target detection nodes, within the range of each other. Application Layer The role of the Application layer is the overall control of the node functionalities. All the inter-node communications (packets or busy tones) start and end at the particular node Application layer. IDLE State: Initially all the deployed sensor nodes are in IDLE state. In this state, it is assumed that the target is undetected in the neighborhood region of the node. The Application layer periodically polls the sensor (sending SEN_POLL message) and read the sensing measurement (retrieving SEN_MEASURE message). The time period indicates how fast the target can be detected after appearing in the surveillance region. More specifically, the random variable denotes the detection delay, which is the time difference between the time the target appears, and the first time that the target is detected. Once the target is detected, the Application layer sends through the wakeup radio the busy tone Ba, and transfers to HEADI state. Ba forces all the neighboring sensor nodes become active. On the other hand, if Ba arrives first, the Application layer sends SEN_POLL and transfers to WAIT state. Wait State: In WAIT state, the Application layer first retrieves SEN_MEASURE message from the sensor. If the sensed measurement greater than the threshold measurement, it returns to IDLE state at the end of the track interval. Otherwise the detection coefficient is calculated locally and included in the DEC_INFO packet and forwarded to the MAC layer. The first busy tone Bb indicates that the leader node H2 has been elected in the neighborhood. When the DEC_READY message is received from the MAC layer, the specific node becomes H2, if H2 has not been elected. Correspondingly, the Application layer transfers to HEADII state, and sends DEC_CANCEL message to the MAC layer to cancel the current DEC_INFO packet. If it is known that H2 has been elected upon receiving DEC_READY, the Application layer replies to the MAC layer with the confirmation DEC_SET message. The second busy tone Bb indicates that the target location estimation procedure has ended. When it arrives, the Application layer sends DEC_CANCEL message to the MAC layer, and transfers to IDLE state. HEADI State: In HEADI state, the node behaves as the H1 node. The Application layer waits for the second busy tone Bb from the wakeup radio. As the desired Bb arrives, it sends TRACK_INFO packet through the primary radio, and waits for the acknowledgement, TRACK_ACK packet, from H2 node. After the exchange, the Application layer goes to the IDLE state. If the second Bb does not arrive within the track interval limit, the node decides that the target has disappeared or errors have occurred. Application layer transfers to IDLE state, and the track record is then forwarded to the sink by other mechanisms. HEADII State: In HEADII state, the node behaves as the H2 node. First, Bb busy tone is broadcasted through the wakeup radio, which announces that H2 has been elected. RADIO_ACT message is then sent to set the Physical layer in RECEIVE/IDLE state (turning on primary radio). The Application layer receives DEC_INFO packets from the neighborhood in sequence. The detection information fusion process is then executed as described in LESOP protocol algorithm. Once the terminating condition is met (i.e. determining optimal number of nodes), or the track interval time limit is reached, the target location is estimated by Optimal Linear Combing method. The second Bb is then broadcasted through the wakeup radio, indicating that the estimation procedure has finished. After the broadcasting of the second Bb, the Application layer waits for TRACK_INFO packet from H1, and responds with the acknowledge, TRACK_ACK packet. The Application layer then sends a RADIO_SLE message to set the Physical layer in SLEEP state (turning off primary radio). When the track interval time is reached, Ba is broadcasted though the wakeup radio and the Application layer transfers to HEADI state. MAC Layer The MAC layer receives the DEC_INFO packet from the Application layer. It calculates a time delay for the DEC_INFO packet. It waits until the expiration of the time delay to perform radio carrier sensing. If the primary radio channel is busy, the MAC layer waits for another time delay which is the DEC_INFO packet transmission delay. When the radio channel is free, DEC_READY is sent to the Application layer. If the response is DEC_SET, the DEC_INFO packet is forwarded to Physical layer and broadcasted. Else, if the Application layer response is DEC_CANCEL, the DEC_INFO packet is deleted in MAC. At anytime when DEC_CANCEL message is received, the current DEC_INFO packet waiting in the buffer is deleted. After receiving TRACK_INFO or TRACK_ACK packets from the Application layer, the MAC performs radio carrier sensing, and waits until the radio channel is free. The TRACK_INFO or TRACK_ACK packets are then forwarded to the Physical layer and broadcasted. The MAC layer also forwards all the received packets from the Physical layer to the Application layer. A collision of DEC_INFO packets can occur when the difference between the MAC time delays of two nodes is less than the range of the radios. Since range is small in sensor networks, the collision probability is practically small. The LESOP protocol is virtually robust to the collision, since H2 can ignore the collision, and wait for the next successfully received DEC_INFO packet. The channel error control coding (ECC) functionality is added to the MAC layer. Traditionally, ECC is defined at Data Link layer, and MAC is a sub-layer of Data Link layer. It provides us with an efficient way of presentation. Physical Layer The Physical layer of primary radio is responsible for broadcasting the radio packets to the nodes neighborhood, which in our simplified model is a circular region with radius as range of radios. It also supplements carrier sensing capability to MAC layer, and detects radio packets collision on primary radio. The Physical layer can be in one of the three states, TRANSMIT, RECEIVE/IDLE, and SLEEP, which correspond to the three modes of primary radio, transmitting, receiving/idle, and sleeping, respectively. When receiving the forwarded packets from the MAC layer, the Physical layer goes to TRANSMIT state, and returns to the previous state after transmission. The Application layer configures the Physical layer in RECEIVE/IDLE or SLEEP states, by RADIO_ACT or RADIO_SLE messages, respectively. Wakeup Radio and Sensors The wakeup radio and the sensor modules are under control of the Application layer. Wakeup radio broadcasts the busy tone forwarded from the Application layer, and sends the detected busy tone to the Application layer. After receiving SEN_POLL message from Application layer, the sensor module is activated, senses and responds the sensing measurement by sending SEN_MEASURE message.[1] HIGH LEVEL LESOP PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION A low-complexity processing algorithm for target tracking, which is based on the sensor measurements, is assumed. The high level LESOP protocol description, which is an iterative procedure, is diagrammatically represented in Figure 3.3. The process is described below. The node distribution can be modelled as POISSON PROCESS. The node that first detects the target is considered as first leader node. The neighbouring nodes are selected based on following two conditions : Sensing measurement of sensor node detection threshold of sensor node. Distance between leader node and sensor node range of radios. ] The Fusion-Detection Co-efficient are calculated using the following parameters: Sensing Noise Variance Sensing Measurement of sensor node Sensing Gain of Sensor Node The node with highest Fusion-Detection Co-efficient is elected as next Leader node. The detection information fusion is done at this newly elected leader node. A selected number of nodes from a node set that have detected the target participate in the fusion by sending the detection information to newly elected node. The nodes participating in the detection fusion are determined based on the Improvement Ratio of Accuracy calculated for set of nodes which is given as min value{ fusion-detection coefficient} Sum of all fusion detection coefficients The estimated target co-ordinates are calculated using Optimal linear combining. The leader node1 sends the old track information to leader node2 which includes a profile of target. The leader node2 generates the new track information. This continues until the target is tracked. Project Flow: Node detects the target Sets is as the First Leader Node (H1) Sends wake up message1 to RF channel Rf channel sends wake upmessage1 to all nodes The next leader node is elected (H2) And the next leader sends wakeup message1 Leader node2 is elected RFC transmits wakeup message 2 to all nodes Target estimation procedure is completed once the message2 has been sent The first leader Node (H1) sends the track information to the RFChannel to be transmitted to the( H2) H2 sends the track information acknowledgement to RFC which then sends to leader node H1 H2 now acts as the H1 and sends the wake up msg1 to all other nodes through RFC The next Leader node is elected and the procedure is continued until the target moves out of range The energy consumed by the sensor nodes remains constant at certain period of time. Though the number of nodes increases the network energy consumption is maintained constant. SUMMARY An LESOP protocol is proposed for target tracking in wireless sensor networks, based on a holistic cross-layer design perspective. Linear processing is employed for target location estimation. Compared with the optimal nonlinear estimation, the proposed linear processing achieves significantly lower complexity, which makes it suitable for sensor networks implementation. A QoS knob coefficient is found in optimizing the fundamental tradeoff. Moreover, the protocol is fully scalable because the fusion coefficient is calculated locally on individual sensor nodes. In the protocol design of LESOP, direct interactions between the top Application layer and the bottom MAC/Physical layers are exploited. The traditional Network layer and Transport layer have been removed, thus simplifying the protocol stack. Some traditional functionality of the two layers is merged into the top and the bottom layers. CHAPTER: IMPLEMENTATION INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the implementation of modules and end result. The implementation is performed in simulation software, OMNeT++. OMNeT++ is a public-source, component-based, modular and open-architecture simulation environment with strong GUI support and an embeddable simulation kernel. It requires Microsoft Visual C++. It can be installed both in windows and Linux. The version 3.0 is used in this project.Its primary application area is the simulation of communication networks and because of its generic and flexible architecture, it has been successfully used in other areas like the simulation of IT systems, queuing networks, hardware architectures and business processes as well. Getting started To implement your first simulation from scratch we need to follow the following steps: 1. The working directory is created, its called as tictoc, and the cd to this directory. 2.By creating a topology file the example network is described. The networks nodes and the links between them can be identified by a topology file, which is in the form of text file. You can generate it with your preferred text editor. Lets call it tictoc1.ned: // // This file is part of an OMNeT++/OMNEST simulation example. // // Copyright (C) 2003 Ahmet Sekercioglu // Copyright (C) 2003-2004 Andras Varga // // This file is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. See the file // `license for details on this and other legal matters. // simple Txc1 gates: in: in; out: out; endsimple // // Two instances (tic and toc) of Txc1 connected both ways. // Tic and toc will pass messages to one another. // module Tictoc1 submodules: tic: Txc1; toc: Txc1; connections: tic.out delay 100ms toc.in; tic.in delay 100ms toc.out; endmodule network tictoc1 : Tictoc1 endnetwork The file is finest to read from the bottom up. Heres what it defines: A network called tictoc1 is defined, which is an instance the module type Tictoc1 (network..endnetwork); Tictoc1 is assembled from two sub modules, which is tic and toc and its a compound module. The two sub modules, tic and toc are instances of the identical module type called Txc1. The tics output gate, which is named as out is connected to tocs input gate, which is named as in, and vice versa (module..endmodule). In both ways there will be a 100ms propagation delay; Txc1 is atomic on NED level,and it will be implemented in C++. So Txc1 is known as a simple module type. Txc1 has one input gate, and one output gate, which is named has in and out respectively (simple..endsimple). 3. By writing a C++ file txc1.cc we can achieve the implementation of the functionality of the simple module Txc1.The C++ file txc1.cc: // // This file is part of an OMNeT++/OMNEST simulation example. // // Copyright (C) 2003 Ahmet Sekercioglu // Copyright (C) 2003-2004 Andras Varga // // This file is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. See the file // `license for details on this and other legal matters. // #include string.h #include omnetpp.h class Txc1 : public cSimpleModule { // This is a macro; it expands to constructor definition. Module_Class_Members(Txc1, cSimpleModule, 0); // The following redefined virtual function holds the algorithm. virtual void initialize(); virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg); }; // The module class needs to be registered with OMNeT++ Define_Module(Txc1); void Txc1::initialize() { // Initialize is called at the beginning of the simulation. // To bootstrap the tic-toc-tic-toc process, one of the modules needs // to send the first message. Let this be `tic. // Am I Tic or Toc? if (strcmp(tic, name()) == 0) { // create and send first message on gate out. tictocMsg is an // arbitrary string which will be the name of the message object. cMessage *msg = new cMessage(tictocMsg); send(msg, out); } } void Txc1::handleMessage(cMessage *msg) { // The handleMessage() method is called whenever a message arrives // at the module. Here, we just send it to the other module, through // gate `out. Because both `tic and `toc does the same, the message // will bounce between the two. send(msg, out); } The C++ class Txc1 represents the Txc1 simple module type, which has to be registered in OMNeT++ with the Define module() macro and sub classed from cSimpleModule. The two methods is redefined from cSimpleModule: handleMessage() and initialize(). From the simulation kernel they are invoked: the first one only once, and the second one whenever a module receives the messages. A message object (cMessage) is created in initialize(), and drive it out via gate out. From the time when this gate is linked to the other modules input gate, After a 100ms propagation delay assigned to the link in the NED file, the simulation kernel will convey this message to the other module in the dispute to handleMessage().It will result in continuous ping-pong because the other module just sends it back(another 100ms delay). CMessage objects (or its subclass) represent the events (timers, timeouts) and Messages (packets, frames, jobs, etc) in OMNeT++. Later than you send or schedule them, They will be held by the simulation kernel in the future events or scheduled events list in anticipation of their time comes and they are delivered to the modules using handleMessage(). We have to note that there is no stopping condition built into this simulation: it would carry on forever. From the GUI we will be able to stop it. 4. The compile and link our program to generate the executable tictocs done with the help of creating the Makefile. $ opp_makemake In the working directory tictoc, Makefile is now created with the help of this command. Note: Windows+MSVC users: to create a Makefile.vc, the command is opp_nmakemake. 5. Now link our very first simulation by issuing the make command and compile: $ make Note: # Lines beginning with `# are comments [Parameters] tictoc4.toc.limit = 5 # argument to exponential() is the mean; truncnormal() returns values from # the normal distribution truncated to nonnegative values tictoc6.tic.delayTime = exponential(3) tictoc6.toc.delayTime = truncnormal(3,1) tictoc9.n = 5 tictoc10.n = 5 tictoc11.n = 5 r The simulation program asks which even doesnt specify the network in a dialog when it starts. 7. Once the above steps are completed, by issuing this command you can launch the simulation and expectantly you should now get the OMNeT++ simulation window $ ./tictoc Note: Windows: the command we are used is just tictoc. 8. To start the simulation press the Run button on the toolbar. The simulated time is displayed in the main window toolbar displays. This is known as virtual time, it cant do anything with the wall-clock or actual time that the program takes to perform. The speed of your hardware and even more on the nature and complexity of the simulation model itself determines how many seconds you can simulate one real-world second. Note that the time taken for a node to process the message is zero simulation time. The propagation delay on the connections is the only thing that makes the simulation time pass in this model. 9. We can run by making it quicker with the slider at the top of the graphics window or with slowing down the animation. The simulation can be stopped by hitting F8 (equivalent to the STOP button on the toolbar), F4 is used to single-step through it , F5 used to run it with or F6 is for without animation. F7 is for express mode, which are fully turns off tracing features for maximum speed. Note the event/sec and simsec/sec gauges on the status bar of the main window. 10. By choosing File|Exit or clicking its Close icon you can exit the simulation program. SNAPSHOTS In the omnet++ 3.0 environment the following command is being used to generate the makefile. % Opp_nmakemake The object files for all the cpp files are generated using the following command. The executable file for running the simulation network is also generated. % nmake -f Makefile.vc The executable file is run which generates the simulation network. The working includes various steps. STEP: 1 The node that first detects the target is considered as first leader node. The node[31] sends wakeup message1 to the RFChannel. Figure 5-1 Sensor node[31] Elected as H1 STEP: 2 The wake up message1 is transmitted to all the other nodes. This is done through RFChannel. STEP: 3 The next leader node is elected. The node[17] sends wakeup message1 to the RFChannel. STEP: 4 The first wake up message2 is transmitted to all the other nodes to indicate that the leader node2 has been elected. STEP: 5 The second wake up message2 is transmitted to the RFChannel from sensor node[17] once it finishes the target location estimation procedure. STEP: 6 The second wake up message2 is transmitted to all the other nodes through RFChannel. STEP: 7 The sensor node[31], H1 sends the track information to the RFChannel to be transmitted to the H2 which is sensor node[17]. STEP: 8 The sensor node[17], H2 sends the track information acknowledgement to RFC which then sends to leader node H1, sensor node[31]. Figure 5-8 Sensor node[17] sends Track ack to RFC STEP: 9 The sensor node[17] now acts as the H1 and sends the wake up msg1 to all other nodes through RFC. STEP: 10 The next Leader node is elected and the procedure is continued until the target moves out of range. STEP: 11 The energy consumed by the sensor nodes remains constant at certain period of time. Though the number of nodes increases the network energy consumption is maintained constant. SUMMARIZATION The OMNeT++ 3.0 is being implemented in window XP to generate the simulation environment. C++ programming language is being used and the desired output is examined.The sensor network is created with 80 nodes and the corresponding messages are transferred between the nodes. The vector graph is generated once the simulation ends. The conclusion and future enhancements are described in the sixth chapter. CHAPTER: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS GENERAL This chapter discusses the future enhancements and the conclusion of the target tracking in wireless sensor network. Conclusion The idea behind sensor networks cross layer design is to optimize the basic trade off in sensor networks the tradeoff between application specific QoS gain and energy consumption expenditure. As of now cross layer optimizations need to done in a holistic manner as research communities are trying to reach a acceptable new architecture. However the holism may not necessarily be affordable in the future. As complexities in the networks grow it is the hierarchical layers provide long-term efficiency and propagation. The alteration on layer of protocol stacks does not require the rewriting of entire protocol stack. This dissertation research rests heavily on an organized study of the sensor networks cross layer design. The second chapter discusses the overall description of the project and the area in which the project is carried out. The different types of protocols and methods used to perform target tracking are explained in Chapter 3. The LESOP protocol design has been discussed in the fourth chapter along with algorithm of each module. The implementation of the protocol and the end result has been discussed in the fifth chapter Future enhancements Future enhancements in wireless sensor networks are seen in Embedded Wireless interconnect (EWI) area. The EWI is used for replacing the existing OSI structures. It is built on two layers which are system layer and wireless link layer respectively. The experimental and theoretical background studies lead to an explanation of the general interface syntax between the two layers and suggests that the separate dealing of source and channel coding in wireless link layer and system layer can achieve optimal twist and energy consumption trade off in reach-far wireless sensor networks, asymptotically. Summary The conclusion statement and future enhancements are discussed in this chapter. APPENDIX MAIN MODULE The main module includes sub modules of application layer, mac layer, Physical layer, Sensor, Recorder and the target. // MAC ModuleInterface(SensorHostMac) // parameters: Parameter(txRate, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(TD_MAX, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(toPhy, GateDir_Output) Gate(toApp, GateDir_Output) Gate(fromApp, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromPhy, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostMac) // APP ModuleInterface(SensorHostApp) // parameters: Parameter(Location_X, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Location_Y, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Lambda_app, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Dec_Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(DetPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicSample, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Sensing_Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(TrackPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(ACKPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(toMac, GateDir_Output) Gate(toSen, GateDir_Output) Gate(fromMac, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromSen, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostApp) // CHANNEL ModuleInterface(WirelessChannel) // parameters: Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Shadowing, ParType_Numeric) Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Propagation_Delay, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(RF_Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(In, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(WirelessChannel) //RECORDER ModuleInterface(SystemRecorder) // parameters: Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(In, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SystemRecorder) // TARGET ModuleInterface(TargetLocation) // parameters: Parameter(Energy, ParType_Numeric) Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Max_V, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Sen_Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Propagation_Delay, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Enter_Time, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Leave_Time, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(TargetLocation) // PHYSICAL ModuleInterface(SensorHostPhy) // parameters: Parameter(RFNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(RFPower, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(P_Activate, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(P_Transmit, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Threshold, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(fromMac, GateDir_Input) Gate(RFIn, GateDir_Input) Gate(toMac, GateDir_Output) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostPhy) // SENSOR ModuleInterface(Sensor) // parameters: Parameter(MicNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicSample, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(E_SEN, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(SenIn, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromApp, GateDir_Input) Gate(toApp, GateDir_Output) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(Sensor) // submodule mac: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostMac); cModule *mac_p = modtype-create(mac, mod); int mac_size = 1; // parameter assignments: mac_p-par(txRate) = mod-par(txRate); mac_p-par(TD_MAX) = mod-par(TD_MAX); _readModuleParameters(mac_p); // submodule app: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostApp); cModule *app_p = modtype-create(app, mod); int app_size = 1; // parameter assignments: app_p-par(Location_X) = mod-par(Location_X); app_p-par(Location_Y) = mod-par(Location_Y); app_p-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(MicNoise); app_p-par(MicSample) = mod-par(MicSample); app_p-par(DetPkLen) = mod-par(DetPkLen); app_p-par(TrackPkLen) = mod-par(TrackPkLen); app_p-par(ACKPkLen) = mod-par(ACKPkLen); app_p-par(Sensing_Interval) = mod-par(Sensing_Interval); app_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(DecayComponent); app_p-par(Lambda_app) = mod-par(Lambda_app); app_p-par(Dec_Interval) = mod-par(Dec_Interval); _readModuleParameters(app_p); // submodule sen: modtype = _getModuleType(Sensor); cModule *sen_p = modtype-create(sen, mod); int sen_size = 1; // parameter assignments: sen_p-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(MicNoise); sen_p-par(MicSample) = mod-par(MicSample); sen_p-par(E_SEN) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr0(mod)); _readModuleParameters(sen_p); // submodule phy: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostPhy); cModule *phy_p = modtype-create(phy, mod); int phy_size = 1; // parameter assignments: phy_p-par(RFNoise) = mod-par(RFNoise); phy_p-par(RFPower) = mod-par(RFPower); phy_p-par(Threshold) = mod-par(RFThreshold); phy_p-par(P_Activate) = mod-par(P_Activate); phy_p-par(P_Transmit) = mod-par(P_Transmit); _readModuleParameters(phy_p); // submodule batt: modtype = _getModuleType(Battery); cModule *batt_p = modtype-create(batt, mod); int batt_size = 1; // parameter assignments: batt_p-par(EnergyLevIni) = mod-par(EnergyLevIni); _readModuleParameters(batt_p); // connections: cGate *srcgate, *destgate; cChannel *channel; cPar *par; // connection srcgate = _checkGate(phy_p, toMac); destgate = _checkGate(mac_p, fromPhy); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(sen_p, toApp); destgate = _checkGate(app_p, fromSen); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mac_p, toPhy); destgate = _checkGate(phy_p, fromMac); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(app_p, toSen); destgate = _checkGate(sen_p, fromApp); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mac_p, toApp); destgate = _checkGate(app_p, fromMac); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(app_p, toMac); destgate = _checkGate(mac_p, fromApp); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mod, SenIn); destgate = _checkGate(sen_p, SenIn); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mod, RFIn); destgate = _checkGate(phy_p, RFIn); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // this level is done recursively build submodules too mac_p-buildInside(); app_p-buildInside(); sen_p-buildInside(); phy_p-buildInside(); batt_p-buildInside(); } // submodule target: modtype = _getModuleType(TargetLocation); cModule *target_p = modtype-create(target, mod); int target_size = 1; // parameter assignments: target_p-par(Energy) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr1(mod)); target_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); target_p-par(Propagation_Delay) = mod-par(A_Propagation_Delay); target_p-par(Interval) = mod-par(Sen_Interval); target_p-par(Max_V) = mod-par(Max_V); target_p-par(Sen_Range) = mod-par(Sen_Range); target_p-par(Range) = mod-par(Range_Square); target_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(A_DecayComponent); target_p-par(Enter_Time) = mod-par(Target_Enter_Time); target_p-par(Leave_Time) = mod-par(Target_Leave_Time); _readModuleParameters(target_p); // submodule recorder: modtype = _getModuleType(SystemRecorder); cModule *recorder_p = modtype-create(recorder, mod); int recorder_size = 1; // parameter assignments: recorder_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); recorder_p-par(Interval) = mod-par(Record_Interval); _readModuleParameters(recorder_p); // submodule rfchannel: modtype = _getModuleType(WirelessChannel); cModule *rfchannel_p = modtype-create(rfchannel, mod); int rfchannel_size = 1; // parameter assignments: rfchannel_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(DecayComponent); rfchannel_p-par(Shadowing) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr2(mod)); rfchannel_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); rfchannel_p-par(RF_Range) = mod-par(RF_Range); rfchannel_p-par(Propagation_Delay) = mod-par(Propagation_Delay); _readModuleParameters(rfchannel_p); // submodule sensors: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHost); int sensors_size = (int)(mod-par(Number_Host)); _checkModuleVectorSize(sensors_size,sensors); cModule **sensors_p = new cModule *[sensors_size]; for (submodindex=0; submodindexsensors_size; submodindex++) { sensors_p[submodindex] = modtype-create(sensors, mod, sensors_size, submodindex); // parameter assignments: sensors_p[submodindex]-par(txRate) = mod-par(R_RF); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(EnergyLevIni) = mod-par(EnergyLevIni); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(DetPkLen) = mod-par(L_d); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(TrackPkLen) = mod-par(L_t); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(ACKPkLen) = mod-par(L_a); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFNoise) = mod-par(RFNoise); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(sigma_i2); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFPower) = mod-par(RFPower); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFThreshold) = mod-par(RFThreshold); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(MicSample) = mod-par(Sen_N); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_Activate) = mod-par(P_Activate); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_Transmit) = mod-par(P_Transmit); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Location_X) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr3(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Location_Y) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr4(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_SEN) = mod-par(P_SEN); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(TD_MAX) = mod-par(TD_MAX); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Lambda_app) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr5(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Sensing_Interval) = mod-par(T_Sen); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Dec_Interval) = mod-par(T_Track); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(A_DecayComponent); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Sensor_Fs) = mod-par(Sensor_Fs); _readModuleParameters(sensors_p[submodindex]); } // this level is done recursively build submodules too target_p-buildInside(); recorder_p-buildInside(); rfchannel_p-buildInside(); for (submodindex=0; submodindexsensors_size; submodindex++) sensors_p[submodindex]-buildInside(); delete [] sensors_p; } PACKETS DEFINITION There are several packets, messages, and busy tones that get transferred between the nodes for every event. The definition and specification of the packets include various attributes. The RFPacket includes the following data txRate // Transmission Rate sending_power // Transmitting power receiving_power // Receiving Power location_x // X-Coordinate location_y // Y-coordinate The DecInfoPacket includes the following data Data // Fusion Co-efficient The TrackInfoPacket includes the following data track_x // X-coordinate track_y // Y-coordinate recordtime // Time Of Recording true_x // Original X-coordinate true_y // Original Y-coordinate The above message packets are transmitted between the nodes during corresponding events. For example consider that the sensor node 17 [H1] sends the track information to node 3[H2]. The TrackInfoPacket resembles as given below. //NODE 17 SENDING TRACK_INFO TO NODE 3 double txRate = 20000.000000 double sending_power = 1.000000 double receiving_power = 0.048157 double location_x = 16.652397 double location_y = 19.143103 int number = 1 double track_x = 15.996901 double track_y = 18.059343 int ncount = 3 double recordtime = 30.899702 double true_x = 14.933409 double true_y = 18.713991 Similarly the packet includes various different information depending on the type of packets sent received.